STRING - CData

ASCII

Returns the ASCII code value of the left-most character of the character expression. Syntax

ASCII(character_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The character expression.

Example(s)

SELECT ASCII('0');
--  Result: 48

CHAR

Converts the integer ASCII code to the corresponding character. Syntax

CHAR(character_expression)

Parameters

integer_expression The integer from 0 through 255.

Example(s)

SELECT CHAR(48);
-- Result: '0'

CHARINDEX

Returns the starting position of the specified expression in the character string. Syntax

CHARINDEX(expressionToFind ,expressionToSearch [,start_location ])

Parameters

expressionToFind The character expression to find.
expressionToSearch The character expression, typically a column, to search.
start_location The optional character position to start searching for expressionToFind in expressionToSearch.

Example(s)

SELECT CHARINDEX('456', '0123456');
-- Result: 4

SELECT CHARINDEX('456', '0123456', 5);
-- Result: -1

CHAR_LENGTH

Returns the number of UTF-8 characters present in the expression. Syntax

CHAR_LENGTH(character_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The set of characters to be be evaluated for length.

Example(s)

SELECT CHAR_LENGTH('sample text') FROM Account LIMIT 1
-- Result: 11

CONCAT

Returns the string that is the concatenation of two or more string values. Syntax

CONCAT(string_value1, string_value2 [, string_valueN])

Parameters

string_value1 The first string to be concatenated.
string_value2 The second string to be concatenated.
string_valueN The optional additional strings to be concatenated.

Example(s)

SELECT CONCAT('Hello, ', 'world!');
-- Result: 'Hello, world!'

CONTAINS

Returns 1 if expressionToFind is found within expressionToSearch; otherwise, 0. Syntax

CONTAINS(expressionToSearch, expressionToFind)

Parameters

expressionToSearch The character expression, typically a column, to search.
expressionToFind The character expression to find.

Example(s)

SELECT CONTAINS('0123456', '456');
-- Result: 1

SELECT CONTAINS('0123456', 'Not a number');
-- Result: 0

ENDSWITH

Returns 1 if character_expression ends with character_suffix; otherwise, 0. Syntax

ENDSWITH(character_expression, character_suffix)

Parameters

character_expression The character expression.
character_suffix The character suffix to search for.

Example(s)

SELECT ENDSWITH('0123456', '456');
-- Result: 1

SELECT ENDSWITH('0123456', '012');
-- Result: 0

FILESIZE

Returns the number of bytes present in the file at the specified file path. Syntax

FILESIZE(uri)

Parameters

uri The path of the file to read the size from.

Example(s)

SELECT FILESIZE('C:/Users/User1/Desktop/myfile.txt');
-- Result: 23684

FORMAT

Returns the value formatted with the specified format. Syntax

FORMAT(value [, parseFormat], format )

Parameters

value The string to format.
parseFormat The string specifying the input syntax of the date value. Not applicable to numeric types.
format The string specifying the output syntax of the date or numeric format.

Example(s)

SELECT FORMAT(12.34, '#');
-- Result: 12

SELECT FORMAT(12.34, '#.###');
-- Result: 12.34

SELECT FORMAT(1234, '0.000E0');
-- Result: 1.234E3

SELECT FORMAT('2019/01/01', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
-- Result: 2019-01-01

SELECT FORMAT('20190101', 'yyyyMMdd', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
-- Result: '2019-01-01'

FROM_UNIXTIME

Returns a representation of the unix_timestamp argument as a value in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS expressed in the current time zone. Syntax

FROM_UNIXTIME(time, issecond)

Parameters

time The time stamp value from epoch time. Milliseconds are accepted.
issecond Indicates the time stamp value is milliseconds to epoch time.

Example(s)

SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1540495231, 1);
-- Result: 2018-10-25 19:20:31

SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1540495357385, 0);
-- Result: 2018-10-25 19:22:37

HASHBYTES

Returns the hash of the input value as a byte array using the given algorithm. The support algorithms are MD5, SHA1, SHA2_256, and SHA2_512. Syntax

HASHBYTES(algorithm, value)

Parameters

algorithm The algorithm to use for hashing. Must be one of MD5, SHA1, SHA2_256, or SHA2_512.
value The value to hash. Must be either a string or byte array.

Example(s)

SELECT HASHBYTES('MD5', 'Test');
-- Result (byte array): 0x0CBC6611F5540BD0809A388DC95A615B

INDEXOF

Returns the starting position of the specified expression in the character string. Syntax

INDEXOF(expressionToSearch, expressionToFind [,start_location ])

Parameters

expressionToSearch The character expression, typically a column, to search.
expressionToFind The character expression to find.
start_location The optional character position to start searching for expressionToFind in expressionToSearch.

Example(s)

SELECT INDEXOF('0123456', '456');
-- Result: 4

SELECT INDEXOF('0123456', '456', 5);
-- Result: -1

ISNULL

Replaces null with the specified replacement value. Syntax

ISNULL ( check_expression , replacement_value )

Parameters

check_expression The expression to be checked for null.
replacement_value The expression to be returned if check_expression is null.

Example(s)

SELECT ISNULL(42, 'Was NULL');
-- Result: 42

SELECT ISNULL(NULL, 'Was NULL');
-- Result: 'Was NULL'

JSON_AVG

Computes the average value of a JSON array within a JSON object. The path to the array is specified in the jsonpath argument. Return value is numeric or null. Syntax

JSON_AVG(json, jsonpath)

Parameters

json The JSON document to compute.
jsonpath The JSONPath used to select the nodes. [x], [2..], [..8], or [1..12] are accepted. [x] selects all nodes.

Example(s)

SELECT JSON_AVG('[1,2,3,4,5]', '$[x]');
-- Result: 3

SELECT JSON_AVG('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[x]');
-- Result: 3

SELECT JSON_AVG('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[3..]');
-- Result: 4.5

JSON_COUNT

Returns the number of elements in a JSON array within a JSON object. The path to the array is specified in the jsonpath argument. Return value is numeric or null. Syntax

JSON_COUNT(json, jsonpath)

Parameters

json The JSON document to compute.
jsonpath The JSONPath used to select the nodes. [x], [2..], [..8], or [1..12] are accepted. [x] selects all nodes.

Example(s)

SELECT JSON_COUNT('[1,2,3,4,5]', '$[x]');
-- Result: 5

SELECT JSON_COUNT('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[x]');
-- Result: 5

SELECT JSON_COUNT('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[3..]');
-- Result: 2

JSON_EXTRACT

Selects any value in a JSON array or object. The path to the array is specified in the jsonpath argument. Return value is numeric or null. Syntax

JSON_EXTRACT(json, jsonpath)

Parameters

json The JSON document to extract.
jsonpath The XPath used to select the nodes. The JSONPath must be a string constant. The values of the nodes selected will be returned in a token-separated list.

Example(s)

SELECT JSON_EXTRACT('{"test": {"data": 1}}', '$.test');
-- Result: '{"data":1}'

SELECT JSON_EXTRACT('{"test": {"data": 1}}', '$.test.data');
-- Result: 1

SELECT JSON_EXTRACT('{"test": {"data": [1, 2, 3]}}', '$.test.data[1]');
-- Result: 2

JSON_MAX

Gets the maximum value in a JSON array within a JSON object. The path to the array is specified in the jsonpath argument. Return value is numeric or null. Syntax

JSON_MAX(json, jsonpath)

Parameters

json The JSON document to compute.
jsonpath The JSONPath used to select the nodes. [x], [2..], [..8], or [1..12] are accepted. [x] selects all nodes.

Example(s)

SELECT JSON_MAX('[1,2,3,4,5]', '$[x]');
-- Result: 5

SELECT JSON_MAX('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[x]');
-- Result: 5

SELECT JSON_MAX('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[..3]');
-- Result: 4

JSON_MIN

Gets the minimum value in a JSON array within a JSON object. The path to the array is specified in the jsonpath argument. Return value is numeric or null. Syntax

JSON_MIN(json, jsonpath)

Parameters

json The JSON document to compute.
jsonpath The JSONPath used to select the nodes. [x], [2..], [..8], or [1..12] are accepted. [x] selects all nodes.

Example(s)

SELECT JSON_MIN('[1,2,3,4,5]', '$[x]');
-- Result: 1

SELECT JSON_MIN('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[x]');
-- Result: 1

SELECT JSON_MIN('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[3..]');
-- Result: 4

JSON_SUM

Computes the summary value in JSON according to the JSONPath expression. Return value is numeric or null. Syntax

JSON_SUM(json, jsonpath)

Parameters

json The JSON document to compute.
jsonpath The JSONPath used to select the nodes. [x], [2..], [..8], or [1..12] are accepted. [x] selects all nodes.

Example(s)

SELECT JSON_SUM('[1,2,3,4,5]', '$[x]');
-- Result: 15

SELECT JSON_SUM('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[x]');
-- Result: 15

SELECT JSON_SUM('{"test": {"data": [1,2,3,4,5]}}', '$.test.data[3..]');
-- Result: 9

LEFT

Returns the specified number of characters counting from the left of the specified string. Syntax

LEFT(character_expression , integer_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The character expression.
integer_expression The positive integer that specifies how many characters will be returned counting from the left of character_expression.

Example(s)

SELECT LEFT('1234567890', 3);
-- Result: '123'

LEN

Returns the number of characters of the specified string expression. Syntax

LEN(string_expression)

Parameters

string_expression The string expression.

Example(s)

SELECT LEN('12345');
-- Result: 5

LOCATE

Returns an integer representing how many characters into the string the substring appears. Syntax

LOCATE(substring,string)

Parameters

substring The substring to find inside larger string.
string The larger string that will be searched for the substring.

Example(s)

SELECT LOCATE('sample','XXXXXsampleXXXXX');
-- Result: 6

LOWER

Returns the character expression with the uppercase character data converted to lowercase. Syntax

LOWER(character_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The character expression.

Example(s)

SELECT LOWER('MIXED case');
-- Result: 'mixed case'

LTRIM

Returns the character expression with leading blanks removed. Syntax

LTRIM(character_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The character expression.

Example(s)

SELECT LTRIM('   trimmed');
-- Result: 'trimmed'

MASK

Replaces the characters between start_index and end_index with the mask_character within the string. Syntax

MASK(string_expression, mask_character [, start_index [, end_index ]])

Parameters

string_expression The string expression to be searched.
mask_character The character to mask with.
start_index The optional number of characters to leave unmasked at beginning of string. Defaults to 0.
end_index The optional number of characters to leave unmasked at end of string. Defaults to 0.

Example(s)

SELECT MASK('1234567890','*',);
-- Result: '**********'

SELECT MASK('1234567890','*', 4);
-- Result: '1234******'

SELECT MASK('1234567890','*', 4, 2);
-- Result: '1234****90'

NCHAR

Returns the Unicode character with the specified integer code as defined by the Unicode standard. Syntax

NCHAR(integer_expression)

Parameters

integer_expression The integer from 0 through 255.

OCTET_LENGTH

Returns the number of bytes present in the expression. Syntax

OCTET_LENGTH(character_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The set of characters to be be evaluated.

Example(s)

SELECT OCTET_LENGTH('text') FROM Account LIMIT 1
-- Result: 4

PATINDEX

Returns the starting position of the first occurrence of the pattern in the expression. Returns 0 if the pattern is not found. Syntax

PATINDEX(pattern, expression)

Parameters

pattern The character expression that contains the sequence to be found. The wild-card character % can be used only at the start or end of the expression.
expression The expression, typically a column, to search for the pattern.

Example(s)

SELECT PATINDEX('123%', '1234567890');
-- Result: 1

SELECT PATINDEX('%890', '1234567890');
-- Result: 8

SELECT PATINDEX('%456%', '1234567890');
-- Result: 4

POSITION

Returns the starting position of the specified expression in the character string. Syntax

POSITION(expressionToFind IN expressionToSearch)

Parameters

expressionToFind The character expression to find.
expressionToSearch The character expression, typically a column, to search.

Example(s)

SELECT POSITION('456'\` \`IN '123456');
-- Result: 4

SELECT POSITION('x'\` \`IN '123456');
-- Result: 0

QUOTENAME

Returns a valid SQL Server-delimited identifier by adding the necessary delimiters to the specified Unicode string. Syntax

QUOTENAME(character_string [, quote_character])

Parameters

character_string The string of Unicode character data. The string is limited to 128 characters. Inputs greater than 128 characters return null.
quote_character The optional single character to be used as the delimiter. Can be a single quotation mark, a left or right bracket, or a double quotation mark. If quote_character is not specified brackets are used.

Example(s)

SELECT QUOTENAME('table_name');
-- Result: '[table_name]'

SELECT QUOTENAME('table_name', '"');
-- Result: '"table_name"'

SELECT QUOTENAME('table_name', '[');
-- Result: '[table_name]'

REPLACE

Replaces all occurrences of a string with another string. Syntax

REPLACE(string_expression, string_pattern, string_replacement)

Parameters

string_expression The string expression to be searched. Can be a character or binary data type.
string_pattern The substring to be found. Cannot be an empty string.
string_replacement The replacement string.

Example(s)

SELECT REPLACE('1234567890', '456', '|');
-- Result: '123|7890'

SELECT REPLACE('123123123', '123', '.');
-- Result: '...'

SELECT REPLACE('1234567890', 'a', 'b');
-- Result: '1234567890'

REPLICATE

Repeats the string value the specified number of times. Syntax

REPLICATE(string_expression ,integer_expression)

Parameters

string_expression The string to replicate.
integer_expression The repeat count.

Example(s)

SELECT REPLACE('x', 5);
-- Result: 'xxxxx'

REVERSE

Returns the reverse order of the string expression. Syntax

REVERSE(string_expression)

Parameters

string_expression The string.

Example(s)

SELECT REVERSE('1234567890');
-- Result: '0987654321'

RIGHT

Returns the right part of the string with the specified number of characters. Syntax

RIGHT ( character_expression , integer_expression )

Parameters

character_expression The character expression.
integer_expression The positive integer that specifies how many characters of the character expression will be returned.

Example(s)

SELECT RIGHT('1234567890', 3);
-- Result: '890'

RTRIM

Returns the character expression after it removes trailing blanks. Syntax

RTRIM(character_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The character expression.

Example(s)

SELECT RTRIM('trimmed   ');
-- Result: 'trimmed'

SOUNDEX

Returns the four-character Soundex code, based on how the string sounds when spoken. Syntax

SOUNDEX(character_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The alphanumeric expression of character data.

Example(s)

SELECT SOUNDEX('smith');
-- Result: 'S530'

SPACE

Returns the string that consists of repeated spaces. Syntax

SPACE(repeatcount)

Parameters

repeatcount The number of spaces.

Example(s)

SELECT SPACE(5);
-- Result: '   '

SPLIT

Returns a section of the string between to delimiters. Syntax

SPLIT(string, delimiter, offset)

Parameters

string The string to split.
delimiter The character to split the string with.
offset The number of the split to return. Positive numbers are treated as offsets from the left, and negative numbers are treated as offsets from the right.

Example(s)

SELECT SPLIT('a/b/c/d', '/', 1);
-- Result: 'a'

SELECT SPLIT('a/b/c/d', '/', -2);
-- Result: 'c'

STARTSWITH

Returns 1 if character_expression starts with character_prefix; otherwise, 0. Syntax

STARTSWITH(character_expression, character_prefix)

Parameters

character_expression The character expression.
character_prefix The character prefix to search for.

Example(s)

SELECT STARTSWITH('0123456', '012');
-- Result: 1

SELECT STARTSWITH('0123456', '456');
-- Result: 0

STR

Returns the character data converted from the numeric data. For example, STR(123.45, 6, 1) returns 123.5. Syntax

STR(float_expression [ , integer_length [ , integer_decimal ] ])

Parameters

float_expression The float expression.
length The optional total length to return. This includes decimal point, sign, digits, and spaces. The default is 10.
decimal The optional number of places to the right of the decimal point. The decimal must be less than or equal to 16.

Example(s)

SELECT STR('123.456');
-- Result: '123'

SELECT STR('123.456', 2);
-- Result: '**'

SELECT STR('123.456', 10, 2);
-- Result: '123.46'

STUFF

Inserts a string into another string. It deletes the specified length of characters in the first string at the start position and then inserts the second string into the first string at the start position. Syntax

STUFF(character_expression , integer_start , integer_length , replaceWith_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The string expression.
start The integer value that specifies the location to start deletion and insertion. If start or length is negative, null is returned. If start is longer than the string to be modified, character_expression, null is returned.
length The integer that specifies the number of characters to delete. If length is longer than character_expression, deletion occurs up to the last character in replaceWith_expression.
replaceWith_expression The expression of character data that will replace length characters of character_expression beginning at the start value.

Example(s)

SELECT STUFF('1234567890', 3, 2, 'xx');
-- Result: '12xx567890'

SUBSTRING

Returns the part of the string with the specified length; starts at the specified index. Syntax

SUBSTRING(string_value FROM start FOR length)

Parameters

string_value The character string.
start The positive integer that specifies the start index of characters to return.
length Optional. The positive integer that specifies how many characters will be returned.

Example(s)

SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 3 FOR 2);
-- Result: '34'

SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 3);
-- Result: '34567890'

TOSTRING

Converts the value of this instance to its equivalent string representation. Syntax

TOSTRING(string_value1)

Parameters

string_value1 The string to be converted.

Example(s)

SELECT TOSTRING(123);
-- Result: '123'

SELECT TOSTRING(123.456);
-- Result: '123.456'

SELECT TOSTRING(null);
-- Result: ''

TRIM

Returns the character expression with leading and/or trailing blanks removed. Syntax

TRIM(trimspec trimchar FROM string_value)

Parameters

trimspec Optional. If included must be one of the keywords BOTH, LEADING or TRAILING.
trimchar Optional. If included should be a one-character string value.
string_value The string value to trim.

Example(s)

SELECT TRIM('   trimmed   ');
-- Result: 'trimmed'

SELECT TRIM(LEADING FROM '   trimmed   ');
-- Result: 'trimmed   '

SELECT TRIM('-'\` \`FROM '-----trimmed-----');
-- Result: 'trimmed'

SELECT TRIM(BOTH '-'\` \`FROM '-----trimmed-----');
-- Result: 'trimmed'

SELECT TRIM(TRAILING '-'\` \`FROM '-----trimmed-----');
-- Result: '-----trimmed'

UNICODE

Returns the integer value defined by the Unicode standard of the first character of the input expression. Syntax

UNICODE(ncharacter_expression)

Parameters

ncharacter_expression The Unicode character expression.

UPPER

Returns the character expression with lowercase character data converted to uppercase. Syntax

UPPER(character_expression)

Parameters

character_expression The character expression.

Example(s)

SELECT UPPER('MIXED case');
-- Result: 'MIXED CASE'

XML_EXTRACT

Extracts an XML document using the specified XPath to flatten the XML. A comma is used to separate the outputs by default, but this can be changed by specifying the third parameter. Syntax

XML_EXTRACT(xml, xpath [, separator])

Parameters

xml The XML document to extract.
xpath The XPath used to select the nodes. The nodes selected will be returned in a token-separated list.
separator The optional token used to separate the items in the flattened response. If this is not specified, the separator will be a comma.

Example(s)

SELECT XML_EXTRACT('<vowels><ch>a</ch><ch>e</ch><ch>i</ch><ch>o</ch><ch>u</ch></vowels>', '/vowels/ch');
-- Result: 'a,e,i,o,u'

SELECT XML_EXTRACT('<vowels><ch>a</ch><ch>e</ch><ch>i</ch><ch>o</ch><ch>u</ch></vowels>', '/vowels/ch', ';');
-- Result: 'a;e;i;o;u'

Overview

DDL Commands

SQL Commands

SQL Functions

​ASCII

​CHAR

​CHARINDEX

​CHAR_LENGTH

​CONCAT

​CONTAINS

​ENDSWITH

​FILESIZE

​FORMAT

​FROM_UNIXTIME

​HASHBYTES

​INDEXOF

​ISNULL

​JSON_AVG

​JSON_COUNT

​JSON_EXTRACT

​JSON_MAX

​JSON_MIN

​JSON_SUM

​LEFT

​LEN

​LOCATE

​LOWER

​LTRIM

​MASK

​NCHAR

​OCTET_LENGTH

​PATINDEX

​POSITION

​QUOTENAME

​REPLACE

​REPLICATE

​REVERSE

​RIGHT

​RTRIM

​SOUNDEX

​SPACE

​SPLIT

​STARTSWITH

​STR

​STUFF

​SUBSTRING

​TOSTRING

​TRIM

​UNICODE

​UPPER

​XML_EXTRACT

ASCII

CHAR

CHARINDEX

CHAR_LENGTH

CONCAT

CONTAINS

ENDSWITH

FILESIZE

FORMAT

FROM_UNIXTIME

HASHBYTES

INDEXOF

ISNULL

JSON_AVG

JSON_COUNT

JSON_EXTRACT

JSON_MAX

JSON_MIN

JSON_SUM

LEFT

LEN

LOCATE

LOWER

LTRIM

MASK

NCHAR

OCTET_LENGTH

PATINDEX

POSITION

QUOTENAME

REPLACE

REPLICATE

REVERSE

RIGHT

RTRIM

SOUNDEX

SPACE

SPLIT

STARTSWITH

STR

STUFF

SUBSTRING

TOSTRING

TRIM

UNICODE

UPPER

XML_EXTRACT